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Industrial Chemistry - Hardness of water

Hardness 96,699 Water can be classified as hard water and soft water. Soft water: It lathers with soap. Water which is obtained from the rains is soft water. This water is suitable for household purposes, for example, laundry and cleaning. Hard water: It is known as hard water because of the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. Hard water does not lather with soap but instead forms a precipitate. ⇒ Check: Differences between Hard Water and Soft Water Table of Content What Is Hard Water? Types of Hardness of Water Disadvantages Remove Temporary Hardness Remove Permanent Hardness Harmful Effects of Hard Water What Is Hard Water? Hard water has high mineral content. It is formed when water percolates through the deposits of chalk and limestone, which are made up of magnesium and calcium carbonates. It does not lather with soap, so it is not suitable for laundry purposes. The hardness of water is harmful to the boilers as the deposition of salts occurs, which reduces the effi...
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Adulterants

Adulteration What is adulteration Adulteration of food commonly defined as “the addition or subtraction of any substance to or from food, so that the natural composition and quality of food substance is affected". Adulteration is either intentional by either removing substances to food or altering the existing natural properties of food knowingly. Unintentional adulteration is usually attributed to ignorance’s, carelessness or lack of facilities for maintaining food quality. Incidental contamination during the period of growth, harvesting, storage, processing, transport and distribution of foods are also considered. “Adulterant” means any material which is or could be employed for making the food unsafe or sub-standard or mis-branded or containing extraneous matter. Food is declared adulterated if: A substance is added which depreciates or injuriously affects it. Cheaper or inferior substances are substituted wholly or in part. Any valuable or necessary constituent has been ...
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Nano Chemistry

A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometres. A scanning tunneling microscopy image of a single-walled carbon nanotube Rotating single-walled zigzag carbon nanotube Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) Single-wall carbon nanotubes are one of the allotropes of carbon, intermediate between fullerene cages and flat graphene, with diameters in the range of a nanometre. Although not made this way, single-wall carbon nanotubes can be idealized as cutouts from a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms rolled up along one of the Bravais lattice vectors of the hexagonal lattice to form a hollow cylinder. In this construction, periodic boundary conditions are imposed over the length of this roll-up vector to yield a helical lattice of seamlessly bonded carbon atoms on the cylinder surface.[1] Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) consisting of nested single-wall carbon nanotubes[1] weakly bound together by van der Waals interactio...
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